Karya Tulis Ilmiah

chapter i
foreword

a. problem background
follow law ri number 23 year 1997 about environment management, environment management inwrought efforts to preserves environment that cover wisdom configurations, utilization, development, maintenance, restoration, supervision and environment control.
society well-being problem and environment can emerge in consequence of waste water not at handle properly. waste water is assumed as water out of use or not at beed again. for the reason direct waste water at throws away off hand regardless of negative impact may be emerges good towards biological nature source also non biological.
know to be tradisional food a large part society entire indonesias, at like all walks of life. besides contain good nutrient, maker knows also easy relative. likely delicious and achievable the price by all society layers (environment ministry, 2006)
industrial knows to be housing industrial that cultivate soy bean upon which base, be to know as product ends to pass various
process likes soy bean election, soaking / soy bean wash, soy bean skin peel, second stage soaking, rice mill, poaching or penggodo soy bean porridge, porridge screening, clotting, pressing and printing last knows. this industrial is besides produces to know, also produce waste shaped: solid waste that comes from soy bean cleaning and waste that come from production process shaped liquid waste from process shaped precipitation shaped filtrat or filter result that separated from sedimet knows when not cultivated and direct at will throw away will dirty water body so that will causes environment quality depreciation and disturb human well-being with evoke aesthetics disturbance.
mendaerah cliff anom, klaten found maker home industry knows at kelola by assosiasi industrial know white essence, cliff village anom, klaten north, klaten. at region be sentra industrial knows with worker as much as 13 industrials with worker total every 1 flat industrial unit - flat around 7 - 10 person, with flat production capacity - flat perhari 300 - 500 kg soy bean. besides know as principal product from result also at yield liquid waste. liquid waste at yield usually at throw away. pass pipe but admit of to evoke problem shaped smell very disturb surounding citizen. besides, at cliff anom, klaten there are some member that take care livestock, among others cow livestock, pig and goat so that from result shaped waste that consist of solid waste shaped waste knows then at exploit by surounding citizen as livestock food, member buys waste from industrial knows at the price of rp. 5.000, - once ripe every 10 kg soy bean.
little effort industrial disposal management data (environment ministry, 2003) menunjukk that is a large part food industrial at java; like industrial knows, tempe, tapioca, crisply, and fish processing; solid waste and liquidity at throw away to environment, like gutter and river is moved other.
energy wanted by all society layers to subsidize the life so much, but along walk it time and citizen increase, energy more difficulter at get, especially energy source to life a day - day. (widarto and suryanta, 1995)
based on survey foreword that done on 8 marches 2008, that quality from industrial liquid waste knows at cliff region anom, klaten very tall, especially that as liquid waste parameter to bod as big as: 2072 mg/l, cod as big as: 3701 mg/l, tss as big as: 412 mg/l. result from waste quality exceed standard quality that appointed by central java province government that regulate about standard industrial liquid waste quality knows that is bod as big as: 50, cod as big as: 100, tss as big as: 200, therefore necessary industrial liquid waste processing existence knows so that doesn't dirty environment.
one of [the] manner to decrease pollution at cause by industrial waste water knows by do the waste processing through biodigester. process from waste processing in biodigester by using bacteria anaerob doesn't want oxygen in course of the processing.
follow decomposition process that done by bacteria anaerob insides biodigester, in principle process that change organic ingredient in water waste is methan and carbon monoxide without oxygen. this change is carried out in two stages with two different bacteria groups. first an organic matter at turn into sour organic and easy alcohol steams. second, continue organic sour compound renovation is methane,


organic ingredient process anaerob sour organic + co2 + h2o + alcohol
sour producer
sour fat bacteria anaerob ch, co2, nh3 + h2o + energy
formation methane
therefore as efforts decreases pollution danger at area sentra industrial made biodigester with aid cost from klh (environment office) and self-supporting from industrial owners knows. biodigester at make with a view to decrease environment pollution at result from liquid waste from industrial knows.

b. problem formulation
based on explanation above, besides researcher wants to make use liquid waste knows upon which standard biogas also want to canvass industrial liquid waste processing influence know with biodigester towards liquid waste quality, so that can at make question:
1. is there industrial liquid waste processing connection know with biodigester towards degree depreciation bod?
2. is there industrial liquid waste processing connection know with biodigester towards degree depreciation cod?
3. is there industrial liquid waste processing connection know with biodigester towards degree depreciation tss?
c. watchfulness aim
1. general aim
mengetahuinya industrial liquid waste processing connection knows with biodigester towards liquid waste quality at cliff village anom klaten
2. special aim
a. mengetahuinya industrial liquid waste processing connection knows with biodigester towards degree depreciation bod
b. mengetahuinya industrial liquid waste processing connection knows with biodigester towards degree depreciation cod
c. mengetahuinya industrial liquid waste processing connection knows with biodigester towards degree depreciation tss
d. watchfulness benefit

1) for society
especially for industrial entrepreneur know can make use industrial liquid waste know to alternative fuel all at once to decrease environment pollution around effect [of] industrial liquid waste contamination know to environment
2) for science
manambah khasanah science especially hit industrial liquid waste utilization knows to make biogas


3) for researcher
researcher erudition increase hits industrial liquid waste utilization knows to make biogas

e. scope keilmuan
based on watchfulness whom we do, as according to scope keilmuan at teach at environment well-being direction that is lecture eye paplc that discuss about liquid waste processing.

f. watchfulness authenticity
watchfulness have a title" industrial liquid waste processing analysis knows with biodigester towards liquid waste quality at sentra industrial know cliff village white essence anom klaten" never at do to get expert degree madya environment well-being (diploma iii) at environment well-being direction poltekkes yogyakarta also at another college, except the information source part at mention properly.

g. watchfulness scope
1. watchfulness variable
a. free variable
free variable in this watchfulness industrial liquid waste processing knows with biodigester

b. bound variable
bound variable in this watchfulness liquid waste quality with parameter bod, cod, tss
2. watchfulness location
this watchfulness location is done at sentra industrial knows white essence, cliff village anom, klaten north, klaten, central java
3. watchfulness object
this watchfulness object industrial liquid waste knows.
4. watchfulness time
this watchfulness be carried out in may up to july month 2008.












chapter ii
book observation

a. theory
1. industrial knows
know to be made food-stuff from soy bean that many at know at society and many meminati, because cheap the price, easy got, and contain nutrient value many. know to come from china country and be koagulasi from protein soy bean. koagulasi protein done with ingredient - ingredient has sour, furthermore koagulan from prootein soy bean at filter and mempadatkan be to know (university environment study centre janabadra yogyakarta, 2006)
industrial knows to be little industrial or housing many we find and widespread in all indonesia area. besides easy basic commodity at can, manner makes it very simple, know to be nutritious food-stuff enough tall, especially pregnancy protein enough tall, especially pregnancy protein vegetable. industrial development knows enough fast, among others because support from government with mendirikannya kopti at various region, with construction then menerus by government, either from also technical development and appropriate construction with a purpose to bational development that is will build indonesian seutuh either in food area so that will increase society economics (mautia yelsis fitria, 2007)
now environment damage many is happening where - which, so that industrial world development must at barengi with development based on in environment. for that environment management and environment preservation is important matter in mendiria a industrial especially knows, we can see can evoke vast impact at society. therefore industrial progress must as according to indonesian development point of view that is development that can fulfil aspiration and generation need coming. therefore environment function necessary preserved.
follow sudarmadji, 2007, environment management is activity rushes by sector and demand at develop it a integrity system as characteristic predominantly. thereby environment management execution needs involvement pemang importance (stakeholders), good government resort, education world, corporate world (private) also society. this matter likes to loed in chapter i section 1 number 2 invite - invite number 23 year 1997 about environment management at mention that environment management inwrought efforts to preserves environment function that cover wisdom configurations, utilization, development, maintenance, restoration, supervision, and environment control. environment management aim included in section 3 invite - invite 23 year 1997 realize development continues with vision of environment. development here interpretted as aware efforts and encana, fuse environment belongs resource, into development process to guarantee ability, welfare, and present day generation alive quality and alive quality explicitly called as development important criteria continues. this explanation confirms that final purpose from development process welfare and indonesia human life quality.

2. maker process knows
maker process knows got from result ektraksi soy bean and clotting protein by using sour or clotting protein by using sour or another clotting (environment ministry, 2006). follow to be maker process channel knows as follows:
a. maker process knows
1) soy bean election
so that know at make true - good true so soy bean at use must have a certain quality good. soy bean at clear of sand or another mixture. ugly soy bean seed at dissociates.
2) stage soy bean soaking one
soy bean that chosen then at soak in water during 3 - 4 clocks so that enough soft to at mill. besides, with at will soak soy bean will blossom and the skin easier at free / at will clean. from this process is at yields liquid waste and soy bean skin not at wear.
3) stage soaking two
this soaking is at means so that soy bean be soft so that make easy at the (time) of rice mill, long soaking during 30 - 40 minutes and from this soaking result also produce liquid waste
4) soy bean rice mill
soy bean that enough soft then at mill so that be soy bean porridge.
5) poaching / penggodogan soy bean porridge
after experience soy bean porridge screening at add water then at boiled up to boil during 30 minutes, so that soy bean thicken / experience clotting and from this process will produce liquid waste
6) screening
porridge that still to boil soon at degrade and at filter by using made filter from calico cloth / mori coarse. filter result shaped waste knows and water knows
7) printing office knows
screening result water at tampung in basin then at will add vinegar so that formed jonjot - jonjot white later will be to know. jonjot - jonjot white or lump knows that begin mengendap that then at print. sour water found above sedimet at dissociates beforehand. this sour water is a part at throws away and a part again used to return.

b. liquid waste knows
waste outcast the presence at one time and certain place not at desires environment because doesn't has economy value (kristanto philip, 2004).
follow kastyanto, 1991 that maker effort knows doesn't quit of waste at yield that is consist of solid waste and liquid waste.
liquid waste knows to be by-product from maker process know. liquid waste knows this among others come from soaking process and soy bean cleaning from dirt and seed - rotten seed or broken, printing process / pressing knows and filter wash process with device rinsing.
waste will know when will not be cultivated well will evoke water body pollution and vinicity environment. this polluted water when at consumption by human will causes stomachache and skin disease. consequence fataler when happen ingredient accumulation - certain chemicals in body can causes death (pusdiknakes, 1985)


character - character from liquid waste knows this among others:
1. muddy coloured because suspension substance height
2. sour smell comes from ammonia and sulfide hydrogen that be result dekomposisi compound protein existing in liquid waste
3. ph low because at use vinegar in course of maker knows
4. has tall organic ingredient pregnancy

when is liquid waste this be can be let off hand so can cause smell that can disturb activities from people around, besides when is liquid waste this at will throw away off hand to water body will cause water body quality depreciation. ph water body is low, aesthetics disturbance shaped smell not delicious and muddy colour caused by putrefaction by bacteria and oxygen will be be dissolved in water body more lower because a lot at will use organism to will renovate protein so that oxygen depreciation will be be dissolved this will disturb life biota in water body.
when is liquid waste at can throw away to soil surface can evoke smell not delicious and depreciation ph vinicity soil. besides, this liquid waste can penetrate to ground water layer and influence vinicity well water quality. (setyobudi et al, 1989)
whey or more at know with liquid waste knows at obtain from water remainder result know doesn't thicken. whey still has total pregnancy n enough tall (table 1), so that whey can at exploit to make note de soya

table 1. liquid waste characteristics knows
parameter penggumpal caso4 (ppm) penggumpal sour (ppm)
total n 434.780 226.000
glucose 92.000 37.000
pb 0.240 0,036
ca 34.030 2.490
cu 0.178 0.107
na 0.591 0.337
source: sarwono (1994)

follow to be standard liquid waste quality for industrial area especially industrial knows (table 2) as according to number environment decree of the state's minister: kep- 03/ menlh/ 1/1998 about standard liquid waste quality for industrial area:


parameter
maximum degree
(mg/l) load pencemar maximum
(kg/hr. ha)
bod5 50 4,3
cod 100 8,6
tss 200 17,2
ph 6,0 - 9,0


follow pramudyanto (1991, liquid waste total estimate at yield by industrial knows every kuwintal soy bean 1,5 - 2 m³ waste water or every 10 kg soy bean at yield liquid waste as much as 100 liquid waste litres knows. because liquid waste know has tall organic ingredient pregnancy so can at exploit for maker biogas.









3. biodigester
biodigester a tool that used for formation process biogas by anaerob and in character permanent.
a. explanation biogas
biogas or gas bio ingredient that got from bahan- organic ingredient, especially human dirt, animal dirt, sisa- also mixture passes fermentation process and putrefaction by bacteria anaerobik. (department of health, 1987).
composition biogas consist of:
" gas methan (ch4) 54 - 70 %
" dioxide carbon (co2) 27 - 45 %
" nitrogen (n2) 3 -5 %
" hydrogen (h2) 1 - 0 %
" karbonmonoksida (co) 0,1 %
" oxygen (o2) 0,1 %
" sulfide hydrogen (h2s) a little
based on komposisidi on, gas methan has prosentase tall, this gas when mixes with air will produce gas will burn blue coloured and relative will produce hot energy big enough. methan pure has character not coloured, odourless, and doesn't feel.
value kalor bio gas enough tall that is 4000 - 6700 kcal/m³. matter this means almost achieve energy to boil 130 kg water in temperature 20°c or lamp flame around 40 - 100 watt during 5 - 6 clocks. (department of health, 1987)
b. operational biogas
production biogas very depend on temperature substrat filler ingredient in tank pencerna. follow sahidu, 1983, in book makes biogas at write by l. widarto and sudarto, (2004), biogas begin formed on ke-5 with temperature pencerna around 28° c. according to practise bentuknya biogas difficult at know but in gas first week has begun formed in tank pencerna. tank beginning closing best on ke-5 after admission filling.
biogas formed in first week must at throw away by open interval to manometer during one or two clocks. slowness in exile biogas can evoke explosion because reaction that between gas methan with air remainder in tank pencerna. explosion can happen if konsentarsi gas methan formed achieve 5-14 %. treatment that must at look at also in this beginning control check ph filler ingredient.
there two basic commodity admission filling manners biogas that is directly (curah/full) and malar admission filling. maker biogas in this watchfulness uses malar admission filling manner that is basic commodity mengisikan malarly and every day must at contents with basic commodity in number at determine (to channelled) into tube menggester biogas.

c. process formed gas methan
basic commodity biogas organic ingredient that is easy ingredient decays. easy rubbish decays and animal dirt many contain cellulose. by microorganism sellulosa this is mengurai be charcoal sour gas and methan pass process anaerob (department of health, 1987).
poses bentuknya biogas can at describe as next:
1) (c6h12o6)n m. o. sellulose n (c6h12o6)
sellulosa glucose
2) n (c6h12o6) m. o. ethanol 2n(ch3ch2oh)+n(co2) +
glucose ethanol

n (57.000 kal)
3) 2n (ch3ch2oh) + 2n (co2) omellianski
ethanol axis. charcoal
2n (ch3cooh) + n (ch4)
axis. acetate gas methan
4) 2n (ch3cooh) 2n (ch4) + 2n (co2)
axis. acetate gas methan axis gas. charcoal

d. factor - factor that influence production biogas
factor that influence production biogas or bentuknya biogas basic commodity, acidity degree (ph), digestion temperature, the long putrefaction time, soy bean capacity (paimin, 1995 and department of health, 1987)
1) basic commodity
biogas at determine by gas methan formed very at determine by ingredient - organic ingredient berunsur carbon chemistry (c). element - carbon element for the change is gas methan pass process anaerobik determined by bacteria anaerob the life wants nitrogen (n). so basic commodity biogas must contain second element. equally, must has ratio (comparison) good or value c/n he is optimal.
2) acidity degree (ph)
in the early digestion, ph liquid will go to be 6 or may be lower, two three weeks then then value ph- begin to rise at accompany with bloom the prolific formation bacteria methan. bacteria will work in turn ph between 6,8 - 8. this turn will give optimal digestion result.
3) digestion temperature
temperature good to formation process biogas range from 20 - 40° c. and with optimum temperature between 28-30° c. this matter is because bacteria development very at influences by temperature condition. usually producer bacteria methan be bacteria mesofil. this bacteria will thrive when temperature at vinicity will present in room temperature.
4) the long putrefaction
for waste knows the long minimal putrefaction time 6 days, longer putrefaction time more perfecter the process.
5) soy bean capacity
to can produce biogas so minimal soy bean capacity at insert into biodigester ± 200 kg. based on experience lptp (rural district technology development institution - dewats), for production knows with soy bean capacity 700 kg/hr produced bot less than 10.500 gas litre bio/hr. need 1 household with 4-5 member person, approximately 1.200 - 2.000 litre/day

e. maker benefit biodigester
benefit at obtain from maker biodigester from liquid waste knows:
1) gas at will yield will not evoke smoke so that will not happen smarting taste in eye and smoke consequence asphyxia likes in wood.
2) liquid waste from maker biogas can at exploit as organic fertilizer, liquid waste can also at use to pour plants because contain element hara at require plants
3) well-being and well guaranted environment cleanliness because all liquid waste knows direct memasukkkan to menggester, so that parasite - parasite likes tapeworm, heart worm and other - other crashed in menggester.

b. concept sketch















filtrat
anaerobik











: object that canvassed



c. hypothesis
1. there industrial liquid waste processing connection knows with biodigester towards degree depreciation bod
2. there industrial liquid waste processing connection knows with biodigester towards degree depreciation cod
3. there industrial liquid waste processing connection knows with biodigester towards degree depreciation tss















chapter iii
watchfulness methodology

a. watchfulness kind
this watchfulness is watchfulness survey with approach paired sample t-tes that is test that done towards two samples berpasangan (paired); sample berpasangan interpretted as a sample with subject same (pre and post). the result will be analyzed according to menykriptif and analytic.

b. watchfulness object
object from this watchfulness 3 biodigester that represents 13 biodigester or industrial liquid waste processing knows at sentra industrial know cliff village white essence anom katen north, klaten, central java.

c. time and watchfulness place
this watchfulness is carried out at sentra industrial knows white essence, cliff village, anom, klaten north, klaten and time from march until june 2008



d. population and sample
1. population
population in this watchfulness entire liquid waste at yields from sentra industrial knows white essence, cliff village, anom, klaten north, klaten
2. sample
sample in this watchfulness some of population that is taken that is industrial liquid waste knows as much as 36 litres (pre and post) in 3 biodigester merumah father ngadiono, father maryanto, and father sriyatno that taken randomly for representing 13 biodigester from direction north, middle and south, with in third house biggest the production capacity

e. variable and the operational definition
1. free variable
free variable in this watchfulness industrial liquid waste processing knows with biodigester
operational definition: industrial liquid waste processing knows with biodigester anaerobik by put into liquid waste know that produced from process ends maker industrial knows.
scale: nominal
2. bound variable
bound variable in this watchfulness liquid waste quality with parameter bod, cod, tss

operational definition
bod (biological oksidation demand): oxygen quantity at wear by mikroorganisme in water for the alive need / count need o2 dissolved to dekomposisi an organic matter during 5 days in temperature 25 ° c with biological process (uses bacteria), taken in morning.
cod (chemical oxygen demand): oxygen that wanted to oxidize ingredient - reducer chemicals (especially an organic matter) is taken in morning.
tss (total suspended solid): residue doesn't escape to filter or bated by filter, taken in morning.
scale: ratio

3. intruder variable
variable penganggu in this watchfulness consists of:
a. acidity degree (ph)
acidity degree (ph) manageable with increasing naoh reach to get ingredient mixture with ph neutral. increasing naoh done at the (time) of ingredient mixing before at insert into tube biodigester
b. digestion temperature biodigester
for digestion temperature try tube biodigester present in stable temperature that is between 20 - 40 °c because bacteria can alive well in room temperature 28-30 °c, when present in be 20 °c temperature or above 40 °c so can influence result from biogas formed.
c. the long putrefaction
longer the process of obsolence so process bentuknya gas more perfecter, the long minimal putrefaction time 6 days, on the contrary if less than 6 days so quality from gas smaller the control by will be depraved minimal 6 days.
d. soy bean capacity
soy bean capacity minimum to produce biogas ± 200 kg, if less than 200 kg so gas appearance possibility very little and when munculpun so gas pressure that produced also very little. the control by maker production soy bean/capacity processing know must more than 200 kg/hr
e. sample taking time
only at the (time) of office hours that is start at 08.00-16.00 wib. in this watchfulness is sample taking time between blow 08.00-10.00 wib because direct sample is inspected at laboratory.

f. watchfulness instrument / connection delivers variable










g. terminology definition
standard industrial area liquid waste quality: liquid waste maximum limit that is permitted throwed away to environment from a industrial area.
liquid waste quality: liquid waste conditon that declared with rate of flow, degree, and pollution load
maximum degree: degree tingi that still to permitted throwed away to environment
industrial area: place area pemusatankegiatan industrial at provide with infrastructure and supporting tool that developed and managed by company industrial area that has industrial area effort permission
company industrial area: company that carry on development and or industrial area management
industrial area liquid waste: waste in the form of liquid that produced by industrial area activity at throw away to environment and be guessed can demote environment quality

h. the way watchfulness
1. watchfulness preparation stage
a. ` determine watchfulness object
b. administer licensing for watchfulness
c. determine location and execution time
d. do survey foreword to watchfulness location
e. prepare tool and ingredient

2. execution stage
a. explain to industrial entrepreneur knows that researcher wants to analyze about industrial liquid waste processing knows with biodigester towards liquid waste quality menyentra industrial know white essence
b. explain to industrial entrepreneur knows to hit aim and watchfulness benefit that is detect to what there difference before and after experience processing with biodigester from waste processing knows
c. take sample exist in industrial knows that is shaped waste water know from maker production result know
d. take industrial liquid waste knows at pre and post that is liquid waste that will enter and out from biodigester into bottle
e. give label in every - every sample bottle between pre and post, sample kind, place name / house that taken and taking time
f. bring waste water sample to laboratory and direct canvassed liquid waste pregnancy with parameter bod, cod, tss

i. watchfulness instrument
1. tool:
stationery
clock to count time
sample bottle
laboratory device to count bod, cod, tss
2. ingredient:
liquid waste knows

j. processing plan and data analysis
1. descriptive analysis
data that got to presented in the form of table and then number - number found in table is analyzed according to percentage

2. analytic analysis
menggunaka test t-test bound according to computerization with program spss 12.00 for windows, with? = 0,05 and at continue with coefficient kontingensi to detect keeratan connection delivers variable.








supplement 2
recana watchfulness fund estimation


no
activity
tool and ingredient

cost
1. arrangement proposal kti typing and penjilidan
75.000,002. seminar proposal kti multiplication and consumption
100.000,003. revision proposal kti typing and penjilidan
75.000,004. multiplication watchfulness licensing and watchfulness cost 50.000,005. tool watchfulness preparation and ingredient
20.000,006. transportation watchfulness execution and accomodations
50.000,007. laboratory test service data testing 3 x pre - post watchfulness ingredient 210.000,008. report kti typing and penjilidan
50.000,009. session kti multiplication and consumption
100.000,0010. report revision kti end typing and penjilidan
50.000,0011. contingency
70.000,00
total
rp. 850.000,00